Paper No - 6 Victorian Literatuer
Paper no – 6 Victorian Literature
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Name – Megha B Trivedi
Course – M.A. English
Sem – 2
Beatch – 2016 -2018
Roll No – 18
Enorlment No – 2069108420170030
Submitted to – Smt. S. B. Gardi Dept.
Of English MKBU
Topic -
Social and Literary characteristic
and The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and The Oxford Movement in Victorian age.
Introduction of the age
The time of
the Victorian age is 1837 to 1901, and the Queen Victoria was ruled in England.
The Victorian age is one of the most remarkable periods in the history of
England. At that time there were few colonial wars during this period but they
did not have any adverse effects on the national life. The Victorian era was a
peaceful reign. All the English people safe in their island. They made remarkable
progress in the field of Industrial, commercial , literature, and in social
life also. This age made progress in the field of poetry, prose, and fiction.
In this age workers problems were there because rise of the industrialism and
materialism. This age is also known as ‘ The Age of Compromise’ and William. J.
Long in his book writes for this age is ‘ The Modern Period Of Progress and
Unrest ‘.
Social characteristics
( 1 ) Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution gave the
birth of the Industrialization and the materialism. Many mills and factories
were established, and that’s why the rich class of the mill- owner or the owner
of the factory and the capitalist; on the other side it brought class of
laborers and factory workers. Social unrest was there during that time. Many
good writers like Charles Dickens , Ruskin, Thomas Carlyle and Mathew Arnold
they wrote well on this subject like industrialism and the social problems
also.
For Example :- Oliver Twist : The
Parish Boy’s Progress
By - Charles Dickens
In the Oliver Twist , Dickens portrayed
the real picture of the Victorian age that how a little orphan boy became child labour and he continuously
tried to run away. Many evil characters are there like Fagin , Bill Sikes and
others. And with the help of this novel we easily imagine the condition of the
Victorian era. Many bad things we find in the novel like the Orphan house, Work
house, Industrialism, Child labour, Pickpocketing,
prostitution etc. Dickens shows the TWO LONDON and the very famous dialogue of
this novel is that “ I want some more” said Oliver. It’s reflect that people
can’t had their primary needs also. In
this age class system were there, because industrialism and materialism became
burden on middle class or lower class people, and but the upper class or rich
class people would stay happily .
( 2 ) Birth of Social Reform
The unhappy and terrible conditions of laboures,
miners, debtors and prisoners caught attention in the eyes of social reformers.
As a result , there was the birth of Reform Bills which arouse the democratic
consciousness among the Victorian people.
( 3 ) The New Education
Many education act passed in this
age. People started the reading and that’s why form of novel developed a lot.
And the press had a good power and that’s why printing and paper became cheap.
( 4 ) Scientific developments
In this age there was an
extraordinary scientific development . It was a period of scientific thinking.
Drawin’s Origin of Species is one of the best example of the scientific and the revolutionary work of the age ,
though many people still governed by religious . There was a noticeable
disagreement between religion and science, and between moralist and scientist.
( 5 ) Intellectual development
In the Victorian age many new ideas
and the various socio - political theories and the various intellectual
activates were developed. The first photographs were taken in the 1830s and
very first electric train was invented by a German in 1879.
( 6 ) Domestic life
In this era authority was important.
In the house parents had authority over the children, and women were regarded
as a inferior to men, even education was forbidden for most of the women. Women
were used only for household activates .
Victorians had only interest in material, power, politics, authority
they did not care of culture.
Literary Characteristics
( 1 ) Morality
The Victorian literatuaer was marked
by a deep moral note. The Victorian literature also motivated by a definite
moral purpose. Tennyson, Browning, Carlyle, and Ruskin were the best examples
because they were interested in spreading their message and moral philosophy to
their countrymen. They were teachers of England.
( 2 ) The age of Prose and Novel
W.J. Long says in his book History of English
Literatuer, “ Though the age produced many poets, nevertheless this is
traditionally an age of Prose and novel. The novel in this age fills a place
which the drama held in the days of Elizabeth; and never before, in any age, or
language, has the novel appeared in such numbers and in such perfection.” Many
great novelist like Charles Dickens,
Thomas Hardy, William Thackeray, George Eliot, Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte ,
Anne Bronte, George Meredith and George Borrow etc. So , in this age we find so
many novels , and it’s became a good for English literature.
( 3 ) Revolt
During this time the human revolution
theory was proved by Darwin.Here Revolt
is against the Materialistic trends. In Victorian age many people did that
specially writers and the Pre- Raphaelite poets. They showed through their
writings and works. Like Rossetti and William Morris.
( 4 ) Realism
The literature of this age is the
literature of realism , because the literature is mirror of society , that’s
why during this age also literature reflects the problems of their own age.
There for the literature of Victorian age is the literature of realism rather
than of romance.
Important movement of the Victorian
Age
1) Pre – Raphaelite Brotherhood
2) Aesthetic Pre – Raphaelitism
3) The Oxford Movement
1) Pre – Raphaelite Brotherhood
Ø Raphel
The name ‘ Pre – Raphaelite ‘ refers to
the Reanaissance painter Raphel ( 1483 – 1520 ) who was described as the Zenith
of artistic achivments in their lessons at the Royal Academy.
Ø Pre – Raphaelite Brotherhood
The Pre – Raphaelite Brotherhood
later known as the Pre – Raphaelite. Pre
Raphaelite was a group of English painters, Poets and Critics. It was founded
in John Millais’s Parents’s house on Gower Street, London in 1848. In the first
meeting, the painters John Everett Millais, Dante Gabrial Rossetti and
William Holman Hunt were present. Hunt and Millais were student of at the
Royal Academy of Arts. This three founder were joind by William Michael
Rossetti, James Collinson, Frederic George Stephens and Thomas Woolner to
form the seven member “ Brotherhood”. It was a movement for regeneration of
painting on the models of the early Italian painters. They believed
in simplicity, originality and natural grace. They break the stereotypes and try to give
something new and related to freedom. The Germ was a periodical , in which they
promote their ideas. This era is in the real sense “ Progressive”. This is the
best movement because it’s shows the people ‘s reaction that , they know the
reality of industrialism. This is the real education and new education and with
the help of this education try to stop wars.
Ø Associated artists, painters and critic
John Brett, Ford Madox
Brown, Lucy Madox Brown, Fanny Cornforth, Marry Macomber, Annie Miller, John
Ruskin, Henry Wallis, George Price Boyce, Gustav Pope and many others.
Ø Pre – Raphaelites painter’s painting names
Christ in the House of
His Parents, by John Everett Millais
Ophelia, by John Everett
Millais
Medea, by Evelyn De
Morgan
The Death of King Arthur,
by James Archer
Fair Rosamund, by Arthur
Hughes
Proserpine by Rossetti
The Awakening Conscience
, by William Holman Hunt
Ø Pre – Raphaelite Poetry
In this age Pre – Raphaelite poetry
also wrote well. D.G. Rossetti, William Morris, A.C. Swinburne they all wrote
poetry . The form of poetry is Art for art sake. It was against conventionality
of poetry and turn to the old medievalism. Many Pictorial artist were there.
They influenced by romantic revival. Example of poetry like ‘ The Blessed
Damozel’, ‘ Sister Helen’, ‘A Last Confession’ by Rossetti. ‘ Earthly Paradise
‘ by William Morris, ‘ The Garden Of Proserpine’ by Swinburne.
Ø Pre – Raphaelite Women
Women are central figures in Pre –
Raphaelite art and this has given the concept of “ Pre – Raphaelite Women”.
Many women made a beautiful pictures , with deep understanding. For example 1)
Elizabeth Siddal , she known for her self portrait, 2) Annie Miller 3) Effie
Millais , “ The Eve of st. Agnes’ 5) Fanny Conforth 6) Georiana Burne – Jones
7) Maria Zambaco 8) Jane Morris 9) Alexa Wilding
( 2 ) Aesthetic Pre – Raphaelitism
Second stage of the Pre – Raphaelite
movement known as a Aesthetic Pre – Raphaeliteism movement. In this various things produced
like paintings , poetry and many other
art. This form is most connected with poetry, and had a good influences on
literature also.
( 3 ) Oxford Movement
It was a movement in the 19th
century , and the moment origin in 1830s by John Henry Newman. It was a church
movement of Catholic against the scientific development. They wanted to
reinstatement of some older Christian traditions of faith and their religion.
This movement associated with Oxford university that’s why known as a Oxford
movement. The movement’s philosophy was known as Tractraianism and after its
publications, the Tracts for the Times, published for 1833 to 1841.
Conclusion
The Victorian age became a remarkable
age in the history of English literature. Various type of literature flourished
in this age , and industrialization also came and many people try to controlled
also.
Reference
The History of English
Literature By W .J. Long
Study Material
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